Además, gran parte de la energía transportada por los protones solares podría afectar la atmósfera media dando lugar a interacciones atmosféricas que incrementarían la producción de constituyentes de NOx, lo que puede provocar variaciones en el contenido de ozono Jackman, 1991 Jackman et al., 1995 2014. Brausser and Solomon (2005) indicaron que la presencia de NOX = NO + NO2 y compuestos nitrogenados relacionados como el ácido nítrico (HNO3) en la atmósfera media, resultan de la oxidación del óxido nitroso (N2O) y de la ionización del nitrógeno molecular (N2) por partículas solares de alta energía. SHRRF provides a precise regional reference frame for use in many East China geophysical applications besides reclaimed coast–land settlement including hydrologic loading, microplate motions, and critical structure deformation monitoring. The model indicates that ~50% of settlements occurred within 3.6 years, with the whole subsidence time being 46 years. A temporal consolidation settlement model of the reclaimed soil under self−weight was established by combining a geotechnical−derived model with high precision permanent GNSS vertical solutions under SHRRF. Simultaneously, compared with the ITRF14 solutions, the average RMSE for each site at all epochs was reduced by ~30% horizontally and ~10% vertically. The average root mean square error (RMSE) of all stations under SHRRF was within 1.5 mm horizontally and 5 mm vertically for most epochs. The instantaneous station coordinates and seven frame parameters (translations, rotations, and scale) were estimated at each epoch through minimum constraint during the process of aligning SHRRF to the International Terrestrial Reference Frame (ITRF14). A well−distributed core station network suitable for regional applications was derived. This study implemented a stable Regional Reference Frame in Shanghai, East China (called SHRRF), using seven years of continuous GNSS observations from the Shanghai Continuously Operating Reference System stations (SHCORS) to examine reclaimed coast–land subsidence. This paper is a review of the global ITRS, as well as a regional and a national geodetic reference systems ETRS89. A close connection between the ASG-EUPOS stations and 15 out of 18 Polish EUREF permanent network stations controls the realization of the ETRS89 on Polish territory. The ASG-EUPOS network defines the European Terrestrial Reference System ETRS89 in Poland. On the 2nd of June 2008, the Head Office of Geodesy and Cartography in Poland commenced operating the ASG-EUPOS multifunctional precise satellite positioning system. It was named the European Terrestrial Reference System 89 (ETRS89). The IAG Subcommision for the European Reference Frame (EUREF) in 1991 recommended that the terrestrial reference system for Europe should be coincident with ITRS at the epoch tĠ = 1989.0 and fixed to the stable part of the Eurasian Plate. The ITRS is a world spatial reference system co-rotating with the Earth in its diurnal motion in the space. The global reference frame in the GGOS is a realization of the International Terrestrial Reference System (ITRS). These techniques have to operate as one global entity and in one global reference frame. The backbone of this integration is the existing global ground network, based on the geodetic space techniques: very long baseline interferometry, satellite laser ranging, global navigation satellite systems and Doppler orbitography and radiopositioning integrated by satellite. The GGOS is integrating the three basic components: geometry, the earth rotation and gravity. The geometric shapes of the plate boundaries can adjust the direction of plate movement.In July 2003 the International Association of Geodesy (IAG) established the Global Geodetic Observing System (GGOS). The sense of plate motion depends on the mantle upwells, whose trends are controlled by the earth rotation. Here we demonstrate that the mantle convection and inertia force of the earth rotation affect each other, the former being the power source of lithosphere plate break and motion, and the latter determining the direction of the mantle convection and plate motion. Yet the directivity of both the structures in the crust and plate movement reminds of the earth rotation. The thermodynamic behavior and gravity force of the earth and the rheology nature of the mantle prove that mantle convection is the main power source leading the lithosphere to break and move. Plate Tectonics Earth Rotation Mantle Convection Global DynamicsĪBSTRACT: The earth dynamic system is one of the key scientific questions on the earth science. The earth dynamic system: the earth rotation vs mantle convection (1997) Geodynamics of the rotating earth.
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